Non-satellite instrument techniques involved
Lidar
Gap remedies
Detailed description

Temperature lidars provide important information for trend detection in the middle atmosphere (connected to trends in the ozone layer). The temperature profiles in the middle atmosphere (12- 80 km altitude) are measured using lidar systems that often also measure the ozone layer. The temperature measurements are done using the Rayleigh-Mie technique. This lidar technique to measure temperature is sensitive to the presence of aerosol, which is an important contribution to the error budget. An additional lidar technique exists to measure temperature profile (in the troposphere) using the pure-rotational Raman technique (PRR) that can be used in the presence of aerosol. However, presently a metrologically traceable processing is unavailable for such measurements. Hence, for temperature measurements in the presence of aerosols using the PRR lidar technique, a rigorous error budget needs to be established to improve their utility for applications such as satellite characterization.

Operational space missions or space instruments impacted
Independent of specific space mission or space instruments
Validation aspects addressed
Time series and trends
Auxiliary parameters (clouds, lightpath, surface albedo, emissivity)
Gap status after GAIA-CLIM
After GAIA-CLIM this gap remains unaddressed

Temperature lidars provide important information for trend detection in the middle atmosphere (connected to trends in the ozone layer). These are measured using lidar systems that often also measure the ozone layer. The lidar technique to measure temperature is sensitive to the presence of aerosol, which is an important contribution to the error budget. In addition, lidar techniques exist to measure temperature profiles in the troposphere using the pure-rotational Raman (PRR) technique that can be used in the presence of aerosol. For temperature measurements in the presence of aerosols using the PRR technique, a rigorous error budget needs to be established to improve their utility for applications such as satellite characterisation.